Free sample - Participative Leadership. translation missing

Participative Leadership. Participative LeadershipParticipative Leadership The purpose of this paragraph is to analyze Rok’s article â€Å"People and skills Ethical context of the participative leadership model: taking people into account† (2009). In this article, Rok states that participative leadership is a leadership that involves employees across levels of the hierarchy in decision-making. Participatory systems allow employees and external strategy, protects organizational responsiveness, and holds the managers accountable. Rok also states that it is possible for employees to participate, and when they do participate they see the whole system as one with equal opportunities for all, as a system that is more fair (2009, p. 468). Spreitzer claims that Participative Leaders expect from their subordinates to create and implement various decisions. They might seek from employees to participate in making important decisions and to evaluate others’ ideas or points of view. They might show more tolerant behavior to their employees when it comes to differences in the organization, because they know those differences can upgrade and bring better quality to making decisions. (2007, p. 1090). Bainbridge supports Speitzer, claiming that Participative Management style is a style that requires involvement of employees by â€Å"creating formal mechanisms through which employee voices can be heard† (1996, p. 25) by the managers that make decisions and, sometimes, by letting employees to state their opinion in the making of decisions. Participatory style might lead to greater job satisfaction, which, combined with the flexible work rules, results in a greater intensity of effort from that workers are willing to invest when dealing with tasks (1996, p. 25). Kahai also claims that a participative leader would encourage his followers to contribute when the problem-solving situation occur, without instructing any directions on how to approach the task that needs to be solved (et al. 2004, p. 72). Participative Leadership encourages involvement and participation of employees in making decisions related to the work of an organisation. They are more tolerant to opinion-differences and can provide employees with greater job satisfaction. Directive Leadership The purpose of this paragraph is to analyze Kahai’s article â€Å"Effects of Participative and Directive Leadership in Electronic Groups† (2004). In this article, Kahai states that the directive leaders present themselves as the ones in charge during solving problems and provided, and gave the directions to participants. Directive leadership improves performance by supporting participants to focus on relevant aspects of a problem (2004. p. 94). The structure that directive leader provided was relevant for keeping participants focused on relevant aspects of the tasks when the task was less structured (2004, p. 96). Andrews has also suggested that directive leaders make decisions, they allocate resources and direct action of their employees in order for them to complete the task (1998, p. 131). This type of leader can be related to traditional notions of a transactional leader (1998, p. 133). Pearce have stated that this type of leadership relies on power of the position (legitimate power). Directive leaders often use directions, give commands and use intimidation as main mechanisms to control subordinate behavior (2003, p. 275). He has, also, claimed that directive leaders initiated activities within the group, organized their activity, defined how the work has to be done, established clear and precise communication, supports achievement of a goal, assigned tasks to employees, suggested some views to the problems, and coordinated activities of subordinates (2003, p. 277). Directive Leadership excludes employees from decision-making process and determines how the work has to be done. This type of leadership should be preferred when tasks are less structured and when participants need to focus on relevant aspects of a problem. Entrepreneurial Leadership The purpose of this paragraph is to analyze Fl?istad’s article â€Å"Entrepreneurial Leadership† (1991). In this article, Fl?istad states that the entrepreneurial culture is a creative culture, which care about their employees, and this culture recognizes and supports employee's individual capabilities and talents. Instead of deciding what others must do, the task in this less pyramidal, organisation is under the influence of circumstances. Organisation supports employees' active participation in creative processes, and it allows employees to demonstrate and achieve their maximum (1991, p. 30). The group presents itself with several alternative ideas and solutions between which to decide (1991, p. 31). Prabhu suggests entrepreneurial leaders might have a mission that is the social change and development of their client group. These leaders are considered to have high levels of emotional energy, which can be seen in the persistence shown by them. They are capable of withstanding social censure, they are sensitive to feelings of others, can develop clear organisational vision, can develop confidence in employees, can think creatively, and they can work for long periods (1999, p. 142,143).   Peters have stated that entrepreneurial leader has an influence on the way employees evaluate job as finally only they are responsible to motivate employees (2005, p. 576). Ng and Thorpe stated that Entrepreneurial Leadership might be helpful to some organizations to grow and survive under family control (2010, p. 457). Entrepreneurial Leadership is committed welfare of their employees. It recognizes and supports employee's individual capabilities and talents, supports employees' active participation in process of decision-making and encourages employees’ creativity when dealing with tasks. References Andrews, J.P., Field, R.H.G. (1998). Regrounding the concept of leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal 19/3, pp. 128–136 Bainbridge, S. M. (1996). Participatory Management within a Theory of the Firm. Available at SSRN: Fl?istad, G. (1991). Entrepreneurial Leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 12 No. 7, 1991, pp. 28-31, Gretchen Spreitzer (2007). â€Å"Participative Organizational Leadership, Empowerment, and Sustainable Peace†, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume 28, Issue 8, pages 1077-1095 Kahai,   S.S., Sosik, J.J., Avolio, B.J. (2004). Effects of Participative and Directive Leadership in Electronic Groups. Group Organization Management   29: 67 Ng, W., Thorpe, R. (2010).Not another study of great leaders Entrepreneurial leadership in a mid-sized family firm for its further growth and development. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 457-476 Pearce, C.L., Sims Jr, H.P., Cox, J.F., Ball, B., Schnell, E., Smith, K.A., Trevino, L. (2003). Transactors, transformers and beyond A multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership. Journal of Management Development Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 273-307 Peters, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial skills in leadership and human resource management evaluated by apprentices in small tourism businesses. Education à ¾ Training Vol. 47 No. 8/9, 2005 pp. 575-591 Prabhu, G.N. (1999). Social entrepreneurial leadership. Career Development International 4/3, 140–145 Rok, B. (2009). People and skills Ethical context of the participative leadership model: taking people into account. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 9 No. 4 2009, pp. 461-47

Spanish Words for Whoever, Wherever, and Whenever

Spanish Words for Whoever, Wherever, and Whenever Spanish has several words ending in -quiera that are the rough equivalent of English words ending in -ever, although they are often used in slightly different ways. Common Words Ending in -quiera dondequiera, sometimes shortened to doquiera (wherever)adondequiera (to wherever)comoquiera, often spelled as como quiera (in whatever way, however)cualquiera, sometimes used in the plural form cualesquiera (whichever, whatever, any)quienquiera, sometimes used in the plural form quienesquiera (whoever, whomever, anyone)cuandoquiera (whenever) The -quiera suffix is obviously derived from the verb querer. The -quiera words can be used as various parts of speech, depending on the context. When used as an adjective before a singular, masculine noun, through the process of apocopation, the ending becomes -quier, as in cualquier hombre, whichever man. Example Sentences Dondequiera que voy, reviso mi correo electrà ³nico. (Wherever I go, I check my e-mail.) Dondequiera que yo vaya, mi amigo va conmigo. (Wherever I go, my friend goes with me. As in this and the preceding example, dondequiera is frequently followed by the relative pronoun que. Although it is common to use the subjunctive mood with this sentence construction, it is not always mandatory.) Y salà ­a David adondequiera que Saà ºl le enviaba. (And David went away to wherever Saul sent him. Adondequiera is used when suggesting a destination. Adondequiera has the same relationship to dondequiera that adà ³nde has to dà ³nde.) Comoquiera que sea, gracias por tu amable comentario. (Whatever comes of it, thanks for your friendly comment.) Comoquiera que no estaba yo muy convencido, me fui. (Since I wasnt especially convinced, I left. When comoquiera que is followed by a verb in the indicative mood, it often means because or since.) Este programa puede convertir videos de cualquier formato a cualquier formato. (This program can convert videos from any format to any other format. Note that whatever could be informally substituted for any in the translation.) Existen cientos de carreras profesionales, y estudiar cualquiera de ellas tiene sus ventajas y desventajas. (There are hundreds of careers, and studying any of them has advantages and disadvantages.) Cualquiera que estudie este libro va a aprender cosas que le van a ser muy à ºtiles en su vida. (Anyone who studies this book will learn things that will be very useful in his or her life. Cualquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.) En cualesquiera circunstancias, la mente siempre encontrar algo para que no seas feliz. (In any circumstance, the mind will always find something so you arent happy. The Spanish is an example of the plural form, although it is translated as singular in English.) Quienquiera que seas, no importa. (Whoever you are, it doesnt matter. Quienquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.) Nuestro movimiento est abierto a quienquiera. (Our movement is open to anyone.) Cuandoquiera que dos o tres alcohà ³licos se reà ºnan en interà ©s de la sobriedad, podrn llamarse un grupo de A.A. (Whenever two or three alcoholics get together in the interest of sobriety, they will be able to call themselves an AA group. Cuandoquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood, although sometimes the indicative mood is used when referring to an event that regularly occurs.) Puedes llamarme por celular cuandoquiera. (You can call me by cell phone at any time.) Translating to Spanish Be aware that while it usually works to translate Spanish -quiera words as English -ever words, the reverse isnt always true. In other words, the -ever words of English are more versatile than the -quiera words of Spanish. For example, whoever sometimes has basically the same meaning as who but is used mainly for emphasis. Thus Whoever is calling you? would better be translated simply as  ¿Quià ©n te llama? rather than using some form of quienquiera. Also, whatever also is used in numerous ways. Where whatever is the equivalent of any, it often can be translated using cualquiera. For example, You can be whatever type of woman you want to be could be translated as Puedes ser cualquier tipo de mujer que quieres ser. But when it is used to express indifference, you might translate it using something as no importa, which literally means it isnt important. Key Takeaways Common Spanish words ending in -quiera include dondequiera (wherever), comoquiera (however), cualquiera (whichever), quienquiera (whoever), and cuandoquiera (whenever).Sometimes the -quiera words are followed by que and a verb in the subjunctive mood.When used as an adjective before a singular, masculine noun, the -quiera ending changes to -quier.