Mirror Dance :: essays research papers

Mirror Dance There are some paintings that simply capture the essence of life within their still frames such as the painting of the "Mirror Dance" in R.A. Salvatore’s novel Crystal Shard. The painting depicts two characters set in a darkened background. The faint light of the moon casts shadows down upon the grassy floor on which the sylvan warrior and human assassin battle. The glimmer of the moon reflects upon a small, nearby pool of water. A silver sparkle in the distance marks the nearby city of Silvery Moon. A sneer of hatred is etched upon the face of the human assassin. His eyes glimmer with a taint of red to depict his blazing internal rage. The clothing worn by the human is black as the night, much like the hooded garbs of ancient Japanese Ninja, the only hint of color coming from his weapons. One of his hands holds a vicious blade, blackened like the coal inside a fireplace. Small flecks of crimson blood decorate the tip of the blade, matching the fresh cut upon the arm of the elf. The legs of the human are crouched, as if he were ready any moment to leap savagely at his opponent. His secondary hand hosts a second blade, much smaller than the other sword, his hand holds the secondary blade inward, as if to flick it out at his adversary. The elven warrior casts an extremely different perspective upon the viewer. His eyes twinkle with the soft moonlight, and his smile welcomes the fierce battle. The warrior’s robes flutter in a soft breeze, shining in the glow of the night. Even with his arm bleeding red from a cut which must have been inflicted by the assassin, the warrior still maintains a look of regality. The crown adorning the top of his head, marks his royal heritage. The weapons commanded by the warrior seem to take on a life of their own, his sword dancing to meet the twin blades of the assassin while a radiance resonating from his shield, cast light upon the foe who prefers the stealth of night. Nature lies still for the battle between the two adversaries. The birds in flight, bend away from the loud clashing of swords, and the deer hide amongst the trees in the forest. The people of the distant town of Silvery Moon watch from their doorways, huddled close to keep the chill of the night from freezing their bones. They look upon the scene with deep interest, the smiles of the children obviously cast upon their elven hero.

Article Review On “Evidence Based Management(EBM), The Very Idea” Essay

Introduction There has been a recent trend in commending evidence-based approaches for management and policy making decision in the public sector. Evidence based management(EBM) is an aspect that has been heavily developed and relied on in certain practices such as evidence-based policy and evidence-based medicine.   These forms of approaches utilize recent best evidence in decision making and management. Evidence based management(EBM) involves   managerial based decisions and organizational practices that are informed by the best and available scientific evidence with the best evidence in this case being the norms of natural sciences. Evidence based approaches have gained fame over the years. The same has not been without its ups and down. This has seen evidence based management generate debate with writers such as Learmouth & Harding (2007) opposing the very idea of utilizing the widely acclaimed evidence based approach in fields such as health care. The document reviews the(Learmouth & Harding (2007) article with a look at the evidence provided by the two in support of their opposition to the use of evidence based management (EBM) in health care. The positives and negatives of their arguments will be reviewed. Evidence of the same will be based on the Learmouth & Harding (2007) article as well as literature from related articles. Discussion The evidence based management as analyzed by Learmouth & Harding (2007) article presents a strong case that shows that there is reason to believe and support the research bothwriters   have accomplished to discredit the use of this approach especially in health care. Both Learmouth & Harding (2007) raise a good debate on the development of evidence based approaches to management and organization. The researchers clearly raise the issues they feel plague the use of evidence based management(EBM) in health care and in any other setting. To Learmouth & Harding (2007), this is an approach that is a misguided aspect with the unpredictable nature of evidence in the management discipline. Also, Learmouth & Hardin (2007) have the take that evidence based management is not there to help the public service and will not at the end contribute anything meaningful to the effectiveness in organizations (Axelsson, 1998).   This is in spite of other systems such as evidence based medicine beinghailed as the best method of reducing uncertainty in clinical practice. Learmouth & Harding (2007) opposition to the use of evidence based management(EBM) in organizational setting raises and opens the reader’s eyes to a major issue in their debate-arriving at an agreement on evidence. One is made to agree with Learmouth & Harding (2007) debate that it is one thing to reach a consensus in medicine and other fields and another in reaching the same in social sciences so as to flag the appropriateness of the use of evidence based management(EBM) in health care. Such techniques as the use of the evidence based medicine has worked well but this should not be the assumption in all the cases as highlighted by Learmouth & Harding (2007). The fact that the two researchers also disapprove of generalizations in the different approaches is a positive aspect in the research. The reasons the two give is valid in that the cause and effect connections that are there in organizational research are not in any way readily subject to controlled experiments such as those in medicine. However, there is an oversight and thus a disadvantage in Learmouth & Harding (2007) debate. One can counter their opposition to the generalization point on the use of evidence based management(EBM)in that where the presence of clear necessitates the establishment of decision making rules which the scientific community is able to endorse. Learmouth & Harding (2007) would want their readers to believe that a solution to finding a cause and effect connection in organizational settings does not exist but this is not the case (Parker, 2001).This is a side that is missing in their debate in that over the years, there has been the establishment of consensus around the use of constructive reviews and meta-analysis in order to identify the convergent findings in the organizational research and the boundary conditions. Learmouth & Harding (2007) do not leave any option to the reader to see a chance in the establishment of a movement towards evidence based management which would even be capable of fostering great attention to the convergent findings and their implications to practice and science. One feels that Learmouth & Harding (2007) are advocating and supporting the continued fragmentation and novelty in the current organizational research. By focusing on the high consensus areas, there will be a chance for EBM (evidence based management) to have efforts directed towards accounting for divergence and inconsistency in the areas of limited convergence in organizational research(Linstead & Grafton-Small, 1992). Managerialism is also another major issue that Learmouth & Harding (2007) raise with the use of Evidence Based Management (EBM).   The researchers support the opposition to the use of the same in such systems as organizations. According to Learmouth & Harding (2007), the use of EBM supports and reinforces Managerialism. The evidence based approaches are used to reinforce the managerial power with some forms of legitimized forms of evidence while they obscure non-managerial ways of understanding organizational life. One can associate with such an argument in that the evidence given by Learmouth & Harding (2007) is that there have been long standing workplace ethnographies which have stood to benefit organizations by such acts as exposing power, inequality and conflicts in the organizations (Kovner et al., 2000).   Thus elements such as Managerialism have no chance of prospering in such an environment. This greatly benefits the organization. However, there is a downside to the evaluation of only one side of the effect of EBM as far as Managerialism is concerned. The evidence by Learmouth & Harding (2007) is hinged on bias on whether there has been enough inquiry to the effective ways of organizing and managing based on less non-traditional and hierarchical view of workers, governance and employment (Ferlie et al., 2001). It is not justifiable to brush off EBM on managerialism basis since the same would serve as a counterforce to the self- serving and arbitrariness bias observed in the form firms are managed and organized nowadays (Parker, 2001). Any innovation can be affected in that it can be misused. Evidence of such is the presence of a regulation in the use of evidence based medicine in the UK National Health Service. However, the use of EBM can act as the basis to develop effective organizational and professional competencies (Harris, 1998). Learmouth & Harding (2007) are wary of the role that EBM may come to acquire in terms of power. The two are skeptic of the fact that EBM may become an avenue that serves interests. This shows how Learmouth & Harding (2007) have put a great deal of effort into all the aspects that may hinder the smooth operation of such programs as EBM in health care. As researchers, they have succeeded in evaluating all the angles of a research issue. Learmouth & Harding (2007) show that it would be naà ¯ve to not think of politics as the same are pervasive and real. Such an aspect as the development and implementation of EBM to organization and management can affect such issues as how legitimacy, funding   and influence is allocated to such groups as practitioners, teachers and scholars. Management is free of such aspects such as social and political interests as well as moral considerations.   However, true as this may be and a correct inference by Learmouth & Harding (2007), power and politics cannot be avoided. The real problem that Learmouth & Harding (2007) seem to be wary of is that qualitative research may not be able to meet the evidentiary standards that EBM may incorporate and employ (Linstead & Grafton-Small, 1992).  Ã‚   Also, Learmouth & Harding (2007) seem to be wary that qualitative research may be devalued which will result in the decline of legitimacy as well as its funding. Evidence cannot be said to be of particular measure or method social science uses. As opposed to Learmouth & Harding (2007) hesitation with unobstructed power in the use of EBM, this may not be the case as qualitative research is a sure way of identifying the areas in science that are not clear. Qualitative research is capable of being put into practice to identify the meanings underlying the observed patterns and also in helping to translate the evidence into practice through exploration of the politics, subjectivity and the conflicts that are involved in the changes to organizational practice (Carter, 2000). Conclusion The implementation and the design of the EBM is not an aspect that should be generalized and opposed without full evaluation. The implementation as well as the design of EBM should be subject to critical inquiry. The critique by Learmouth & Harding (2007) evades some aspects and in doing so mislead the audience. There is no denying that EBM may affect all the management aspects but the same should not be a reason to abandon the approach. There should and will be movements towards EBM which involve many of the community that are interested in the design of the same. There will be development, implementation, learning and redesign over time. Fear of loss should not hinder the focus for the opportunity on constructive change. References Axelsson , R . 1998 . ‘ Towards an Evidence-based Health Care Management ’ , International    Journal of Health Planning and Management , 13 , 307 – 17 . Ferlie , E . , J . Gabbay , L . Fitzgerald , et al . 2001 . ‘ Evidence-based Medicine and   Ã‚  Ã‚   Organisational Change: an Overview of Some Recent Qualitative Research ’ , in L .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ashburner ( ed .), Organisational Behaviour and Organisational Studies in Health Care:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Refl ections on the Future . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, pp . 18 – 42 . Carter , J . 2000 . ‘ New Public Management and Equal Opportunities in the NHS ’ , Critical   Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Policy , 20 , 61 – 83 . Harrison , S . 1998 . ‘ The Politics of Evidence-based Medicine ’ , Policy and Politics , 26 , 15 –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   31 . Kovner , A . R . , J . J . Elton and J . Billings . 2000 . ‘ Evidence-based Management ’ , Frontiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Health Services Management , 16 , 3 – 24 . Linstead , S . and R . Grafton-Small . 1992 . ‘ On Reading Organizational Culture ’ ,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organization Studies , 13 , 331 – 55 . Parker , M . 2002 . Against Management: Organization in the Age of Managerialism .   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge : Polity Press Learmouth, M., & Harding, N. (April 01, 2007). Evidence-based management: The very   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   idea.  Sage Public Administration Abstracts,  34,  1.)

Wage Discrimination And The Gender Wage Gap - 1987 Words

Wage Discrimination and the Gender Wage Gap â€Å"They† say, â€Å"We’ve come a long way baby!† â€Å"They† are both correct and incorrect at the same time. While it is true that women have come a long way from June Cleaver and the typical 50’s housewife to the modern two parent working household, statistically, it would take women approximately one extra day of work per week to earn the same as their male counterpart. So, while women have begun to work in higher paying professional and managerial jobs that before were typically held by men; they are paid less. This is gender discrimination and is commonly known as the Gender Wage Gap. There are many arguments as to why there is a wage gap between men and women; there are those who argue that women are taking lower-paying jobs, so they can attend to the needs of their families. Others argue that women are purposely choosing fields that pay less. One thing is clear, though: a gender wage ga p exists, and if steps are not taken to remedy this situation, women may never see equal pay for equal work. To understand the Gender Wage Gap, we need to review the history of the working woman; how and why they began to enter the workforce. Before World War II women generally only worked outside of the home until they were married. In the 1940s, there was an increase of married women into the workforce due to a â€Å"wartime economy† (Goldin). Women entered the workforce at that time for many reasons; patriotic duty, a husband’s tour of dutyShow MoreRelatedGender Discrimination And The Wage Gap Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesGender Discrimination and the Wage Gap Definitions Gender discrimination has been a controversial topic since the introduction of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923. Gender discrimination is defined in the Encyclopedia of Small Business as any action that specifically denies opportunities, privileges, or rewards to a person (or a group) because of gender (Burton, 2011, p.617). While women are often the subject of gender discrimination, men may also find themselves being discriminated against. CasesRead MoreGender Wage Gap : Discrimination Or Misinformation1699 Words   |  7 PagesGender Wage Gap: Discrimination or Misinformation In 2014, female full-time workers made only 79 cents for every dollar earned by men, a gender wage gap of 21% according to IWPR Org or Institute for Women’s Policy Research. There is no debate that in the past women have been discriminated against when it came to compensation and wages in the workforce which led to the enactment of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. This a federal law signed by John F Kennedy attempting to amend wage disparity based on sexRead MoreDiscrimination, Policies, And The Gender Wage Gap1088 Words   |  5 Pages Discrimination, Policies, and The Gender Wage-Gap   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For decades, the gender wage-gap has been an ongoing issue in Canada. Since then, women’s rights have changed and allowed them to obtain career positions much like men. Although women have successfully fought for their rights, the issues of the gender wage gap, and sexist stereotypes continue in Canada. The Canadian Government needs to strengthen its discrimination policies so it can rectify and allow for equal opportunity, support parentalRead MoreGender Discrimination : Gender Equality And Wage Gap1822 Words   |  8 PagesGender Discrimination – Gender Equality and Wage Gap Do women earn less than men? In today’s society, money is one of the most important sources of livelihood; therefore, it is surprising to know that some women are paid less than men for doing the same job. One of the reasons that there is a wage gap is often linked to traditions and stereotypes. Some of the stereotypes include: women experience difficulty balancing work and family life, they are not vigorous, they are too emotional, and that theyRead MoreThe Gender Wage Gap And Focus On The Discrimination Against Working Women1350 Words   |  6 Pagesurpose: The purpose is to highlight the gender wage gap and focus on the discrimination against working women Thesis: I intend to assert that women deserve to be paid as much as men for the same job by the same employer. Introduction For the same employer and for the same job in the US, on an average, women get 79 cents for every dollar earned by their male colleagues. This indeed is an alarming figure noting that women haveRead MoreGender Wage Gap And Focus On The Discrimination Against Working Women1792 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: Equal Pay for Women Purpose: The purpose is to highlight the gender wage gap and focus on the discrimination against working women Thesis: I intend to assert that women deserve to be paid as much as men for the same job by the same employer. Introduction: l. Working for the same employer and in the same kind of job in the US, if we look at averages, women get paid merely 79 cents against every single dollar paid to their male coworkers. A. This indeed is an alarming figure noting that womenRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1337 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women. Even the name of the female gender is derived from the male species. For years, women have been discriminated against in an array of areas such as politics, at home, and in the workplace. The most debated area of gender discrimination is the wage gap between men and women. After reviewing the following facts, it is obvious women are essentially just as valuable as men, and therefore should be treated equally in the workplace. The pay gap between males and females has been a topic thatRead MoreThe Wage Gap Within The United States1687 Words   |  7 Pagesright to equal wages; gender and ethnic inequality has been an on-going issue in the United States for a very long time. This inequality has been the reason for the Wage Gap which is a violation of everyone’s human rights. Some people believe that the wage gap is just a gender problem but it is not, it is unequal opportunities for racial and gender minorities; in fact some women that are of a certain race are paid significantly less than someone who is only of one minority. The wage gap relates to humanRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Civil War1595 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 and the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993. However, women are still being undermined in the work force with the wage gap between women and men. Many argue that a wage gap does exist where women are working hard but getting payed less leading to poverty. On the other hand, others argue that the wage gap is merle a myth and is impractical in today s society. Contributing factors like education, family and job choice is what causing a wage gap. The opposingRead MoreGender And Gender Within The American Workforce1306 Words   |  6 Pagesyears. Whether it is equality for races, religion, gender or sexual orientation, people just desire for life to be equal and fair. Although much has changed and is continuously changing, women still struggle to be seen as equivalent to men in the American workforce. Bound by a wage gap that is bias towards the female species, women have to battle different factors which lead to inequivalent compensation. There are wage gaps stimulating from gender within the American workforce due to caregiving duties;

High Intensity Interval Training ( H.i ) Essay - 1705 Words

Acute: sharp or severe in effect; intense Conjugated: joined together, esp. in a pair or pairs; coupled There are tons of articles trumpeting the benefits of high intensity interval training (H.I.I.T.), making claims of accelerated fat loss and increased heart function when compared to steady-state cardio. There are tons more articles espousing the benefits of high intensity weight training for these same goals as well as increased bone density. Literally, there are tons. I ve printed them out and weighed them all. Luckily for you, I also read all of those articles I found and I ve come to the conclusion that they re onto something. H.I.I.T. is much better for most individuals overall health and fitness than long endurance-type cardio sessions. Weight training builds bones, just like milk was supposed to. Both forms of exercise affect the hormonal system positively, eliciting a post-exercise response that uses a substantial amount of energy from optimal sources throughout the day. This is the basis of A.C.T., or Acute Conjugated Training. Benefits of High Intensity Exercise Before I tell you about A.C.T., let s get a brief review of the benefits of both high intensity resistance and interval training. Below is a non-comprehensive list of clinical evaluations that show the many benefits of high-intensity exercise: Heart Health Overview Many studies showed improvements in a number of indicators of a healthy cardiovascular system with high intensity exerciseShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages Product †¢ product management †¢ new product development †¢ branding Physical evidence †¢ layout †¢ decor †¢ ease of access The marketing mix Price †¢ pricing †¢ discount structures †¢ terms of business People †¢ employee selection †¢ employee training †¢ employee motivation Promotion †¢ advertising †¢ sales promotion †¢ public relations †¢ personal selling †¢ merchandising †¢ sponsorship Place/distribution †¢ channel management †¢ customer service †¢ physical distribution The four ‘hard‘ Ps The threeRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesvery comprehensive (the Igbo-English section is pages 1-845) and draws on many dialects with particular emphasis on Central dialects. 3. Marks vowels with subdots as in the present manuscript 4. Marks low, downstep, rising and falling tones leaving high unmarked as in the present manuscript. 5. Has limited scientific names and technical vocabulary. The most striking feature of Igwe is that because it includes words from many dialects, it symbolises the aspiration and nasalisation that are distinctive

Gettysburg Essay - 1192 Words

Gettysburg Living in close proximity to Gettysburg, I have spent many weekends of my childhood hiking through the numerous acres of woods on Culp’s Hill, climbing the gigantic boulders in Devil’s Den, and tramping through the marshes of Plum Run. Enjoying the scenic beauty is just the beginning as to what Gettysburg has to offer. However, why is Gettysburg so important to us all as Americans? What made this small town so famous that tens of thousands of tourists from all over the globe come to walk through the many wheat fields in the surrounding countryside? While wandering those same fields that Union and Confederate soldiers fought on some one hundred and forty years ago, I asked myself why this place was so significant.†¦show more content†¦The next question I asked Mr. Kise focused on why the victory at Gettysburg was so very pivotal to the Union. In my own analysis of the battle, I did not expect the answer that I received from him. He said that in his â€Å" own personal opinion of what makes Gettysburg so important, is Lincoln’s speech four months after the battle† (Kise). He goes on to explain that even though the Union Army won a substantial victory at Gettysburg and helped to turn back the invading Confederate Army, it was when Lincoln gave his Gettysburg Address that gave the battle meaning. Lincoln turned the war from â€Å"merely holding the Union together, to giving a ‘new birth of freedom’† (Kise). My next question for Mr. Kise is probably the most asked question of the battle of Gettysburg. I wanted to know what would have occurred if the Confederacy had won the battle. Mr. Kise came to the conclusion that Lee â€Å"would have had to withdraw eventually† due to the fact that he did not have many supplies left and he had lost almost a third of his army (Kise). He also argues that â€Å"the North, with its superior transportation system, could have quickly brought up other troops† (Kise). In all, Mr. Kise felt that Gettysburg was indeed a key battle for the Union in that the Army of the Potomac was victorious. However, there were other factors that made it such a key battle asShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Gettysburg At Gettysburg1100 Words   |  5 PagesOver the last 153 years Gettysburg, has moved from honoring those who fought and died during the battle at Gettysburg to preserve the battlefield. Gettysburg went through two phases of change. The first phas e happened between 1863 –1938 and the second phase happened in 1938 when the War Department transferred the administration of Gettysburg to the National Park Service. During the first phase the National Cemetery was built in Gettysburg for the creation of a proper burial of their now dead sonsRead MoreGettysburg : The Battle Of Gettysburg943 Words   |  4 Pages GETTYSBURG Introduction This is a brief thought of the events that came to unfold. Some say that Gettysburg was the battle that stopped the confederate advance to the north. In addition, that Lee only wanted to take the battle out the state of Virginia that had been hit rather hard by the unions Army . In this review of the Battle of Gettysburg, we will discuss the key events that people believed that allowed the Union Armies to cause the retrograde actions of the confederate forcesRead More Gettysburg Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gettysburg, the largest, bloodiest, and most celebrated battle of the Civil war, is said by many to be the turning point of the war that killed 618,000 Americans. Gettysburg the movie was four hours long, which is about 68 hours less than it actually took for the battle to come and go. The first shots were fired no long after daylight, so to be exact, it was 04:30 hours, on the morning of July 1st, (49 Nofi). Bullets flew from the rifles of Union Calv ary men on picketRead MoreBattle Of Gettysburg : Gettysburg Of The American Civil War1465 Words   |  6 PagesShaJuan Ervin Dr.Seamen MIS 303-01 2/24/16 Battle of Gettysburg Day 3 The Battle of Gettysburg is widely known as the largest battle of the American Civil War. This crucial battle occurred over three days, July 1st to July 3, 1863 surrounding the town of Gettysburg. In this battle, General Robert E. Lee tactfully awaited the forces of General Meade’s Union. On July 1st the Confederates were exploited by the Union resulting in a loss. The following day, the Confederates gained ground by conductingRead MoreGettysburg Simulation Game : The Battle Of Gettysburg Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesGettysburg Simulation Game The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the most important battles of the U.S. Civil War and one of the most important battles of all the U.S. history. It was a battle between the Confederate Army of North Virginia, commanded by Robert E. Lee and the Union Army of the Potomac under General George Meade. I played the Gettysburg Simulation Game on www.military.com. I really enjoyed it and thought it was very interesting. I found it a great way to learn U.S. history. The simulationRead MoreGettysburg the Speech1357 Words   |  6 Pages[Subject] [Date] The Gettysburg Address Introduction Gettysburg Address is one of the important dictations of values that provided much needed direction for the future leadership of the United States. It shaped the societal values and beliefs of the country. This assertion can be affirmed with the speech s enduring presence in the US culture. 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What happened in the following three days has greatly impacted todays society. The gut renching question topics leaving many historians puzzled is, what if? What if certain elements had played out differently, would the outcome of the war still remain the same? What if he decisions made by Generals of both the Union and ConfederacyRead MoreEssay on Gettysburg1406 Words   |  6 PagesGettysburg was the turning point in the American Civil War. Back in the days before animation. More importantly Gettysburg was the climatic clash between the two major American cultures of their time: the North and the South. A climax of a conflict between two cultures with such vastly different ideals that they could not coexist in one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. When looking at the causes of the Civil War, and eventually the Battle of Gettysburg, oneRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg As My Topic1083 Words   |  5 PagesFor the Historical Newspaper Analysis paper, I selected the Battle of Gettysburg as my topic to research. The reason I appointed this event as my subject matter was on the fact that I reside close to Gettysburg, and have heard of some of the events that developed there during the Civil War. Even though I live close to Gettysburg, I haven’t seen the reenactments that occur there or been on the tours Gettysburg offers. Since I would like to take part in a tour along with seeing the reenactments, I

Work Motivation Theory Case Study Free Essays

D1. There are two issues related to work motivation in the sample case study. The first is that the focus of the case study concentrates on ‘what’ motivates workers, by providing samples of end goals as tools of motivation. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Motivation Theory Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second issue that is apparent is that the object that motivates the workers is not universal across the surveyed countries and varies significantly depending on country. This was seen particularly for the items; good boss, good pay and friendly co-workers. D2. The use of an object as the method of work motivation indicates that content theory of motivation has been used as the theoretical foundation on which the case study is being undertaken. Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy of needs is applicable to the case study and in order to reach self-actualisation which seeks personal fulfilment and peak experiences, one must first satisfy the lower levels of psychological, security, affiliation and esteem needs. Herzberg et al.’s (1959) two factor theory is also a relevant content theory for the case study. This theory asserts that both hygiene and motivation factors are necessary for work place motivation. Hygiene factors are those that are essential for motivation, such as pay and physical working conditions, while motivators are those which provide personal satisfaction. Alderfer’s (1972) ERG theory redefined Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in line with empirical evidence classing work motivation needs into existence, relatedn ess and growth needs. D3. It is clear that the assumption promulgated by the case study indicates that the lower levels of motivation in Maslow, Alderfer and Herzberg’s theories are satisfied as the questionnaire used to sample these indicators evaluate the importance of higher level needs that have to do with self-fulfilment and actualisation. This indicates therefore that these theories are applicable, as motivation has occurred at a higher level in the surveyed organisations. These theories however, do not necessarily explain how the higher levels of motivation interact with one another. This leaves one to assume that the content theories of motivation are only sufficient to an extent as they do not consider different levels of motivation at these higher levels. The differences in the importance of certain elements of the questionnaire in the case study according to the country of the subjects does not necessarily present a difficulty in the universal application of these theories, as differences wi ll necessarily occur in a number of contexts depending on the organisational characteristics of the subject organisation. D4. Arguably, a more accurate theory of motivation to be applied is process theory, which seek to understand the process through which motivation occurs. Examples of process theories include expectancy based models (Vroom, 1964), goal setting theory (Locke Latham, 1990) and equity theory (Adams, 1963). These theories seek to understand the process by which motivation occurs and to identify motivators in this way rather than to understand it from a content approach. Importantly, process theories seek to motivate through establishing a balance between input and output of a worker and thereby attain the goals of that worker in terms of self fulfillment. D5. These theories provide a useful understanding of the factors that effect work motivation and the types of content or process which may be utilized in order to achieve maximum motivation. These theories can be applied to a complex set of organizational factors and are important in the context of organizational theory by allowing for a better understanding of creating a psychological contract affecting organizational behavior and culture. References: Adams, J. (1963) Toward an Understanding of Inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, pp. 422 – 436. Alderfer, C. (1972) Existence, Relatedness, and Growth; Human Needs in Organizational Settings. New York: Free Press. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. (1959) The Motivation to Work (2ed). New York: John Wiley. Locke, E. Latham, G. (1990) A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Maslow, A. (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), pp. 370 – 396. Vroom, V. (1964) Work and Motivation. New York: McGraw Hill. How to cite Work Motivation Theory Case Study, Free Case study samples

Music Essay Paper Example For Students

Music Essay Paper So what is your favorite kind of music? Soft music is graceful; rock music is fast; classical music is great ; light music is relaxing; and childrens songs are interesting. You can choose whatever you like. Now popular songs are in fashion, especially the love songs are greatly loved by us young people. Of course,for our teacher, the answer is not the same;maybe the classic inspirational song is his first choice . Alt is often said that if you like music,you tend to like singing too. But I think there are also a lot of exceptions, myself is the typical example. T is really a pity that I do not have a talent for singing, as I love listening to music that much. My view on music appreciation In high school I once took a course called music appreciation which I greatly enjoyed. Alt is not to play a specific instrument,but to learn how to read and listen to music as an art form. People read the stories about the lives of many composers,and the history of the musical instruments themselves ;they also listen to tapes over the recorder. In my opinion,music sometimes can be called a universal language like smile. A composer who can not speak a single world of our language can make us feel joy and pride,sadness and despair,peace and mystery through his music. As its true for me ,when I listen to some kind of Japanese music exactly have such experience. I believe some of you may also have the similar sense of feeling. My understanding of I suppose you will always feel amazed and confused whenever you come to think of how music come into our lives, and to be honest,trying to account for the reasons is quite beyond our ability. We should Just leave the doubt to the music experts and just admit the fact that music is an amazing invention of our civilization and truly ranks as one of the greatest things our ancestors have ever created. Music has the ability to lift the heart of anyone who turns to her for help?making them feel on top of the world and keeping their spirits up. I myself is a loyal music-lover,listening to music is an essential hobby in my life. Another simple way of classification According to the way how the music exists and spreads among people. There are two important kinds of music in the world. One is written down,and the other is by rod of mouth. Many people make their living by writing music. They write songs for pop stars and music for films and TV plays,and they usually write exact instructions on how the music is to be played. Folk music has been passed down from generation to generation. Len the beginning,it was never written down. People learned the songs from their families,relatives,neighbors and friends in the same village. These songs were about country life,the seasons,animals and plants,and Background music may seem to be of no importance ,however,it can have a rueful effect on those who hear it. Recorded background music firstly found its way into factories,shops and restaurants in the US,and later it gradually spread to other parts of the world. Nowadays,it is becoming increasingly difficult to go shopping or eat meals without being exposed to such music environment. To begin with,background music is simply intended to create a smoothing atmosphere. As time goes by,it is becoming a big business,which I do not know whether its developing for the better or not ,and neither do I care about such issue.